Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: High b-value DWI has been expected to have an additional diagnostic role and demonstrated some promising results in head and neck cancer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of DWI at a high b-value (b=2000 s/mm2) compared with a standard b-value (b=1000 s/mm2) and the ratio of ADC values of high and standard b-values for their ability to differentiate between recurrent tumor and posttreatment changes after the treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 33 patients diagnosed with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma were enrolled in the present study; all had contrast-enhancing lesions on follow-up MR imaging. All patients underwent single-shot echo-planar DWI at b=1000 s/mm2 and b=2000 s/mm2, and corresponding ADC maps were generated (ADC1000 and ADC2000, respectively). The mean ADC1000, ADC2000, and ADCratio (ADCratio = ADC2000/ADC1000 × 100) values were evaluated within a manually placed ROI with contrast-enhanced T1-weighted images as references. For the statistical analysis, we performed a Student t test and multivariate logistic regression.
RESULTS: The mean ADC1000 in recurrent tumor was significantly lower than that in posttreatment changes (P < .001), whereas the mean ADC2000 resulted in no significant difference (P = .365). The mean ADCratio was significantly higher in recurrent tumor than that in posttreatment changes (73.5 ± 7.2% vs 56.9 ± 8.8%, respectively; P < .001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the ADCratio was the only independently differentiating variable (P = .024). The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of ADCratio were 95.0%, 69.2%, and 84.8%, respectively, by use of the optimal cutoff value of 62.6%.
CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that the ADCratio calculated from the ADC1000 and ADC2000 is a promising value for the differentiation of recurrent tumor and posttreatment changes in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.
ABBREVIATIONS:
- ADC1000
- ADC value calculated at b=0 and 1000 s/mm2
- ADC2000
- ADC value calculated at b=0 and 2000 s/mm2
- ADCratio
- ratio of ADC2000 over ADC1000
- HNSCC
- head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Imaging surveillance after treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is useful to detect residual or recurrent tumor, even when clinical recurrence is not suspected. In these patients, however, the multidisciplinary treatment with surgery, radiation therapy, and/or chemotherapy that improves patient survival and quality of life1,2 complicates interpretation of posttreatment follow-up imaging studies because surgery can alter anatomy and radiation therapy and chemotherapy can result in edema and fibrosis. These posttreatment changes can mimic tumor recurrence, and sometimes it is difficult to distinguish these from residual or recurrent tumor on CT or MR images.3⇓–5
DWI is based on the Brownian motion of water protons in the tissue, which is affected by the microstructure of tissue.6 Several previous studies support the value of applying DWI in head and neck cancer for the differentiation and characterization of primary tumor, nodal staging, and the prediction of treatment response.6⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓–12 In addition, several promising studies have been reported on the usefulness of DWI in the discrimination between recurrent or residual tumor and posttreatment changes.12⇓–14 These studies have demonstrated that performing DWI and measuring the ADC values may enable differentiation of residual or recurrent tumor from posttreatment changes.
In recent years, high b-value (b > 1000 s/mm2) DWI was introduced along with improvements in MR imaging gradient technology. These high b-value techniques have demonstrated promising results in brain imaging compared with the standard b-value (b=1000 s/mm2) DWI.15⇓–17 In head and neck cancer, a previous study introduced a ratio of the ADC values from high b-value and standard b-value DWI and suggested that it correlates with the maximal standardized uptake value from FDG-PET.18 Another published study revealed that high b-value DWI is helpful in the differentiation of histologic grades in HNSCC.19
The aim of our present study was to evaluate the additional role and diagnostic performance of high b-value (b=2000 s/mm2) DWI compared with standard b-value (b=1000 s/mm2) DWI, and the ratio of ADC values from high and standard b-values for the differentiation between recurrent tumor and posttreatment changes after treatment of HSNCC.
Materials and Methods
Study Population
Our hospital institutional review board approved this retrospective study, and the requirement for informed consent was waived. A total of 1331 patients with head and neck cancer underwent head and neck MR imaging in our institution between January 2010 and February 2012. Among them were 351 patients with pathologically confirmed HNSCC. After retrospectively reviewing the electronic medical records, we included 56 patients matching these inclusion criteria: 1) the patient underwent MR imaging with standard and high b-value DWI after treatment of HNSCC; 2) the term between the end of treatment and posttreatment imaging was longer than 6 weeks, to avoid very early posttreatment changes; 3) there was newly developed or increased enhancing portion on postcontrast T1-weighted images where recurrence was highly suspected or indeterminate; and 4) the lesion was large enough to measure on MR imaging (diameter ≥5 mm). A total of 23 patients were further excluded from our study population because of degradation of image quality (eg, susceptibility artifacts that distort the area of concern partly or completely) (n=15), incomplete medical history because of loss to follow-up (n=7), and a history of additional malignant disease outside of the head and neck area (n=1). Finally, we included 33 patients (18 men, 15 women; mean age, 60.2 years; age range, 30–78 years). The primary tumor locations were the oral cavity (n=16), oropharynx (n=4), sinonasal cavity (n=5), nasopharynx (n=3), hypopharynx (n=2), and external auditory canal (n=3). Various surgical procedures or radiation therapy techniques were performed according to the disease extent and location, with the following treatments: surgery alone (n=9); both chemotherapy and radiation therapy (n=7); surgery and postoperative radiation therapy (n=13); and a combination of chemotherapy, surgery, and radiation therapy (n=4). In our institution, most of the patients treated for head and neck cancer are monitored with MR imaging routinely. Thirteen patients underwent MR imaging earlier than the scheduled date because of clinical suspicion of recurrence (eg, palpable mass or visible lesion on endoscopy; tumor recurrence in 12 patients, posttreatment changes in 1 patient). MR imaging was obtained in 1 patient because of a visible mass at the oral cavity on physical examination; this was followed by MR imaging for 2 years without change, suggesting posttreatment change. All other patients underwent MR imaging as a routine follow-up technique.
Determination of Recurrent Tumor vs Posttreatment Changes
Recurrent tumor and posttreatment changes were differentiated with clinical or histopathologic characterization as follows:
Histopathologic Diagnosis.
We obtained the pathologic diagnosis by reviewing the institution electronic medical records. The institution pathologists, who had at least fellowship training in reading head and neck pathologic changes, made these pathology reports. Histopathologic evaluation was performed in 19 cases; 17 and 2 were confirmed as recurrent tumor and posttreatment changes, respectively. Pathologic diagnoses for those 2 patients were chronic hyperplastic candidiasis and chronic active inflammation, and these patients had no evidence of recurrence during subsequent follow-up at 22 months and at 15 months, respectively.
Clinical Diagnosis.
In patients without histopathologic evaluation during follow-up, tumor recurrence was defined by clinical criteria. In 3 cases, recurrent tumors were clinically determined based on growth of an enhancing lesion by at least 20% or more on the subsequent follow-up image. Posttreatment lesions (n=11) were clinically defined as no change or a decrease in size of the enhancing lesion and no other evidence of recurrence during at least 1 year of follow-up (mean follow-up time, 24 months; range, 15–39 months).
MR Imaging Acquisition
All patients underwent MR imaging by use of a 1.5T MR imaging system (Signa Excite, HDx or HDxt; GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, Wisconsin) with an 8-channel head and neck coil. A transverse T1-weighted spin-echo sequence was performed with the following parameters: TR range, 550–560 ms; TE range, 10–12 ms; 30–36 sections; section thickness, 4 mm; intersection gap, 1.2 mm; FOV, 220 × 220 mm; matrix, 320 × 192; acquired signal, 1; and pixel resolution, 0.7 × 1.1 × 4.0 mm. The contrast-enhanced transverse T1-weighted spin-echo sequences with fat suppression were also acquired after the intravenous injection of 0.1 mmol/kg of gadopentetate dimeglumine (Magnevist; Bayer Schering Pharma, Berlin, Germany). Additional coronal and sagittal T1-weighted sequences were performed with identical imaging parameters after administration of contrast agent.
The single-shot echo-planar DWI was obtained in the transverse plane before contrast material injection at both the standard b-value (b=0 and 1000 s/mm2) and high b-value (b=0 and 2000 s/mm2) with the following parameters: TR range, 8000–10,000 ms and TE range, 61.6–77.6 ms (at b=1000 s/mm2); TR range, 9325–12,000 ms and TE range, 73.8–90.4 ms (at b=2000 s/mm2); 30–45 sections; section thickness, 4 mm; intersection gap, 1.2 mm; bandwidth, 1953 Hz/pixel; FOV, 240 × 240 mm; matrix, 160 × 160; acquired signal, 2; and pixel resolution, 1.5 × 1.5 × 4.0 mm. DWI data were acquired in 3 orthogonal directions and combined into a trace image. The average durations of DWI at b=0 and 1000 s/mm2 and b=0 and 2000 s/mm2 were 1 min 23 s and 2 min 50 s, respectively.
The corresponding ADC maps were automatically derived from the following equation on the Advantage workstation (GE Healthcare): ADC = −ln[S(b)/S(0)]/b, where b is the diffusion-weighting factor (b=1000 or 2000 s/mm2), and S(b) and S(0) are the signal intensities with and without diffusion-sensitizing gradients, respectively.
Image Analysis
MR images were reviewed on a PACS workstation monitor (m-view 5.4; Infinitt, Seoul, Korea). ADC ratio (ADCratio = ADC2000/ADC1000 × 100, where ADC1000 and ADC2000 are the ADC values of the DWI obtained with b=0 and 1000 s/mm2, and b=0 and 2000 s/mm2, respectively) maps were generated by use of pixel-by-pixel computation of ADC maps generated with in-house–developed software.
The images were reviewed by consensus between 2 investigators (I.H. and S.H.C. with 2 years and 10 years of experience in interpreting head and neck MR images, respectively), in which the investigators placed ROIs on the axial ADC1000 maps with references of contrast-enhanced T1-weighted images obtained in 3 orthogonal planes. At the time of the interpretation session, the investigators were blinded to the final pathologic or clinical results. The ROIs were drawn on the most representative section of the ADC map, in which the size of the tumor was the largest or the conspicuity of the lesion was highest. The boundary of the ROI encompassed all of the visible tumor on that section of the ADC map corresponding to the contrast-enhanced T1-weighted images, but any necrotic portion and normal osseous structures were avoided to the fullest extent possible. Subsequently, the ROIs were copied onto the corresponding ADC2000 and ADCratio maps, respectively. The size of each ROI was also recorded.
In addition, ROI measurement from the deep cervical muscles was included for comparison as an internal control of normal soft tissue. On a section encompassing the largest areas of the deep cervical muscles, a large circular ROI was drawn on the ADC1000 maps and was subsequently copied to the corresponding ADC2000 and ADCratio maps, respectively.
Statistical Analysis
All statistical analyses were performed with SPSS Statistics 19.0 for Windows (IBM, Armonk, New York). For all statistical analyses, a 2-tailed P value < .05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference. The 2-tailed independent Student t test was used to compare the clinicopathologic characteristics (eg, age, mean interval from completion of therapy to follow-up imaging, and the ROI size) and mean ADC values between the group with recurrent tumor and the group with posttreatment changes. In addition, the 2-tailed paired Student t test was used to assess the differences between the newly developed enhancing lesion and deep cervical muscles in each group. Multivariate binary logistic regression was performed to assess the most independently differentiating variable between ADC1000, ADC2000, and ADCratio. Furthermore, a receiver operating characteristic curve was drawn to investigate the optimal cutoff values for the parameters with statistical significance, of which sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were also calculated.
Results
Clinicopathologic Characteristics
In our study population, recurrent tumor was found in 20 patients and posttreatment changes were found in 13 patients. There were more male patients in the recurrent tumor group (M:F = 14:6) vs the posttreatment changes group (M:F = 4:9). In the recurrent tumor group, MR imaging was obtained mainly because of clinical suspicion of recurrence, whereas MR imaging was mostly performed in a routine follow-up manner in the group with posttreatment changes (Table 1). Otherwise, no significant difference was observed in mean age, mean ROI size, and mean interval from completion of therapy to follow-up imaging between the recurrent tumor group and the group with posttreatment changes (Table 1). The mean imaging follow-up time of the group with posttreatment changes was 23 months, and no patient had recurrence during the follow-up period.
Comparison of demographic and clinicopathologic features between recurrent tumor group and posttreatment changes group
Comparison of ADC1000, ADC2000, and ADCratio between Patients with Recurrent Tumor and Patients with Posttreatment Changes
Table 2 and Fig 1 summarize the mean ADC1000, ADC2000, and ADCratio of the focal enhancing lesion vs the deep cervical muscles of the 2 groups. The mean ADC1000 in the recurrent tumor group was significantly lower than that in the posttreatment change group (1.205 vs 1.649 × 10−3 mm2/s, respectively; P < .001). Similarly, the mean ADC2000 also showed a lower value in the recurrent tumor group vs the posttreatment changes group, but without a statistically significant difference (0.878 vs 0.940 × 10−3 mm2/s; P = .365). The mean ADCratio of the recurrent tumor group was significantly higher than that of the posttreatment changes group (73.5% vs 56.9%, respectively; P < .001).
ADC values of the newly developed or increased enhancing portion and deep cervical muscles
Box-and-whisker plots of the ADC values at the standard b-value (ADC1000), high b-value (ADC2000), and the ADC ratio (ADCratio) in the newly detected enhancing lesion on the postcontrast T1-weighted image and deep cervical muscle (horizontal line = median values, bottom of the box: 25th percentile, top of the box = 75th percentile, whiskers = smallest or largest values except outliers, small circle = outliers).
No significant difference was observed between the recurrent tumor group and the posttreatment changes group in the mean ADC1000, ADC2000, and ADCratio of the deep cervical muscles (Table 2).
The mean ADCratio of recurrent tumor was significantly higher than that of cervical muscles (73.5% vs 53.9%; P < .001). However, the mean ADCratio of enhancing lesion because of posttreatment changes was not significantly different from that of deep cervical muscles (56.9% vs 55.2%; P = .553). Figure 2 shows representative MR images of the recurrent tumor group and the posttreatment changes group, respectively.
Representative MR images of the recurrent tumor (37-year-old woman, status post left partial glossectomy) and posttreatment changes (63-year-old woman, status post right hemiglossectomy and postoperative radiation therapy) from treated squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue. A, Postcontrast T1-weighted images and DWI with standard and high b-values. The recurrent tumor shows high signal intensity on the DWI in both standard and high b-values. In contrast, the signal intensity of posttreatment changes on the high-b-value DWI is not increased. B, Corresponding ADC maps show lower ADC values in the recurrent tumor than those in the posttreatment changes on the standard b-value DWI. Color-coded ADCratio maps demonstrate that the ADCratio is much increased in the recurrent tumor.
Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis
The ADC1000 and ADCratio were significantly different variables to differentiate between recurrent tumor and posttreatment changes by the independent Student t test. Multivariate logistic regression analysis with the ADC1000 and ADCratio as independent variables was constructed. The ADCratio was the most independently differentiating variable (P = .024), whereas the ADC1000 was marginally insignificant (P = .051).
Optimal Cutoff Values and Diagnostic Performances
Receiver operating characteristic curves were drawn to find the optimal cutoff values for the ADC1000 and ADCratio. The optimal cutoff value for the ADC1000 was 1.460 × 10−3 mm2/s. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 85.0% (17/20), 84.6% (11/13), and 84.8% (28/33), respectively. For the ADCratio, the optimal cutoff value was 62.6%, and the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 95.0% (19/20), 69.2% (9/13), and 84.8% (28/33), respectively. The summary of the diagnostic performance of each value is listed in Table 3.
Diagnostic performances of the ADC1000 and ADCratio
Discussion
Our results demonstrate that the ADC value derived from the standard b-value DWI (b=1000 s/mm2) had a similar diagnostic performance compared with a previous study, and that the mean ADC1000 in the posttreatment changes group was significantly higher than that of the recurrent tumor group.13 The optimal cutoff value for the ADC1000 to distinguish between recurrent tumor and postoperative changes (1.460 × 10−3 mm2/s) also correlated with a previous study (1.30 × 10−3 mm2/s).13 These reproducible findings support the use of the standard b-value DWI on posttreatment follow-up imaging of HNSCC. On the other hand, the mean ADC2000 itself was not significantly different between the 2 groups and did not have an additional diagnostic benefit. However, we did observe a significant difference in the mean ADCratio between the recurrent tumor group and the posttreatment changes group (73.5 ± 7.2% vs 56.9 ± 8.8%, respectively); multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the ADCratio vs the ADC1000 was more useful for differentiating between the 2 groups.
The ADC value has been known to decrease when the b-value increases beyond 1000 s/mm2, according to several previous reports.20⇓–22 The decrease in the observed ADC with an increasing b-value could be explained by the decay of biexponential signal intensity. In a human brain model, fast and slow diffusion components have been described.20,22 Fast diffusion components are the main source of signal at a relatively low b-value, whereas the signal intensity is dominated by the slow diffusion component at a high b-value.23 Increased cellularity in recurrent tumor leads to an increase in the intracellular water component, whereas posttreatment changes are composed of edema and inflammatory changes, increasing the proportion of easily diffusible extracellular water content.6,13 Although the intracellular and extracellular water components are not exactly equal to the slow and fast diffusion components, respectively, they are considered corresponding components.20,24 To evaluate the fast and slow diffusion components, DWI with multiple b-values has been studied with a biexponential fitting.25 In our study, we calculated 2 ADC values with a monoexponential model with 2 different b-values, and we adopted the ADCratio as an alternative biomarker that represents the composition of the fast and slow diffusion components. Choi et al18 hypothesized that by increasing the b-value from 1000 s/mm2 to 2000 s/mm2, the ADC value would have a more substantial decrease in the fast diffusion component. As a result, the higher ADCratio means that it contains more of the slow diffusion component and represents higher cellularity.18 Therefore, our results show that the mean ADCratio was much higher in the recurrent tumor group vs the posttreatment changes group.
Although the mean ADC2000 also showed a lower value in the recurrent tumor compared with posttreatment changes, it was not statistically different between the 2 groups. A possible explanation is that the relative decrease of ADC1000 to ADC2000 was higher in the posttreatment changes group; therefore, the final ADC2000 of the recurrent tumor group was similar to that of the posttreatment changes group. The differences between the ADC1000 and ADC2000 also could be influenced by different imaging parameters. However, Ogura et al26 reported that a long TR (> 6000 ms) and short TE (< 100 ms) did not significantly influence the ADC values. Therefore, the influence of different imaging parameters was thought to be negligible in our study.
For comparison, we also investigated the ADC values from the deep cervical muscles as a normal soft tissue. With the increase in the b-value from 1000 to 2000 s/mm2, the ADC value was also substantially decreased in muscle. The mean ADC ratio of the recurrent tumor group was significantly higher than that of the deep cervical muscles, which might prove beneficial for the detection of recurrent tumor by visual inspection in the ADCratio maps.
The diagnostic yields of both ADCratio and ADC1000 in our present study was lower than those of the study by Abdel Razek et al,13 in which they used only ADC1000 maps.. We believe that this finding might be the result of differences in study populations. The minimal size of the lesions was 1.5 cm in diameter in the study by Abdel Razek et al,13 whereas our study included smaller lesions (eg, 5 mm).
In our study, 15 patients were excluded because of MR imaging artifacts or poor visualization of the lesion, and the proportion of artifacts in eligible patients was relatively high (26.8%). Although we optimized scanning parameters to reduce artifacts and maximize the signal-to-noise ratio, we found that the intrinsic limitations of single-shot echo-planar DWI in head and neck imaging (eg, heterogeneity of the tissue, a very low acquirable signal, movements, air-tissue boundaries, and surgical materials) were still challenging in interpreting the DWI.27 To overcome the drawbacks of DWI, additional localized coverage imaging or zonally magnified oblique multisection (ZOOM; Siemens, Erlangen, Germany) echo-planar imaging could be performed.28
Our study had some limitations. One limitation was that we enrolled a small number of patients from a single center and performed retrospective analysis, which could lead to selection bias. We tried to include all patients who met the inclusion criteria to minimize selection bias. In addition, we included HNSCC with various locations, treatment modalities, and intervals between last treatment and imaging, and this heterogeneity could limit the generalizability of our results. Although tumor location is related to prognosis,29 we believed that any significant impact of tumor location relative to ADC values was unlikely.
Another limitation of our present study was that there were patients for whom we did not have histopathologic confirmation. Therefore, exact correlation of the ADC value or ADCratio with histopathologic changes was limited, especially for the posttreatment changes group. In clinical settings, it is common practice to follow patients with complementary imaging modalities, such as FDG-PET, to ensure that the enhancing lesion identified by MR imaging is metabolically active before a biopsy is performed,30 but this was not possible in the context of our study.
Conclusions
We suggest that the ADCratio calculated from ADC1000 and ADC2000 is a promising value to differentiate between recurrent tumor and posttreatment changes in HNSCC and may be marginally more useful than the ADC1000 alone. High b-value DWI of the head and neck region is technically feasible and requires a relatively short additional scan time; therefore, high b-value DWI could be added to the posttreatment routine follow-up MR imaging to provide additional potentially helpful information in the detection of recurrent HNSCC.
Footnotes
Disclosures: Seung Hong Choi—RELATED: Grant: A grant from the National R&D Program for Cancer Control, Ministry of Health & Welfare, Republic of Korea (1120300),* the Korea Healthcare Technology R&D Projects, Ministry for Health, Welfare & Family Affairs (A112028).* *Money paid to institution.
This study was supported by a grant from the National R&D Program for Cancer Control, Ministry of Health & Welfare, Republic of Korea (1120300); the Korea Healthcare Technology R&D Projects, Ministry for Health, Welfare & Family Affairs (A112028); and the Research Center Program of IBS (Institute for Basic Science) in Korea.
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REFERENCES
- Received January 17, 2013.
- Accepted after revision March 19, 2013.
- © 2013 by American Journal of Neuroradiology
